What is Pichia?

Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae with spherical, elliptical or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms during sexual reproduction hat-shaped, hemispherical or round ascospores. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.
Lactose is neither fermented by this species nor assimilated. The behavior with regard to other carbohydrates is dependent on the different species. Nitrate is always assimilated.
Some Pichia representatives can be found in raw milk and cheese, such as P. anomola (formerly named Hansenula anomala). P. anomala has been shown to combat the undesirable mold Aspergillus flavus, which contaminates food sources such as tree nuts and corn, and produces aflatoxins. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service found that when pistachio trees were treated with P. anomala the growth of A. flavus was inhibited up to 97%. In addition to inhibiting A. flavus, the yeast may also help protect other agricultural crops from unwanted molds that affect the crop’s taste, texture, yield, and safety. In smeared surface ripened cheese the most important species is P. membranifaciens that also occurs on cream cheese. The formation of a so-called pellicle is typical. Another member of the genus, P. pastoris is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as an expression system. P. angusta furthermore called Hansenula polymorpha or H. polymorpha, is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes and their underlying molecular biology.
Some Pichia species (eg P. ohmeri) have recently been clinically been proven to be pathogens, better known as so-called opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised humans.
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What is Brecibacterium?

Brecibacterium is a genus of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales. They are Gram-positive soil organisms. It is the sole genus in the family Brevibacteriaceae.
Brecibacterium linens is ubiquitously present on the human skin, where it causes foot odor. The same bacterium is also employed to ferment several cheeses such as Limburger, Port-du-Salut and Năsal. Its smell also attracts mosquitoes.
Brevibacterium genus is a heterogeneous mixture of coryneform organisms that have particular application to industrial production of vitamins, amino acids for fine chemical production, and are commonly used in cheese production. This genus contains 9 species from diverse habitats, such as soil, poultry, fish, human skin, and food. While Brevibacterium linens is phenotypically similar to Arthrobacter globiformis cellular pigmentation, cell wall composition, DNA/DNA hybridization and 5s RNA analysis show that Brevibacterium is distinctly different. PFGE analysis indicates that diversity within the species is related to polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA genes with genome sizes that range from 3.2 and 3.9 Mbp
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What is Ubenimex?

Ubenimex (INN), also known as bestatin, is a competitive protease inhibitor. It is an inhibitor of aminopeptidase B, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, aminopeptidase N. It is being studied for use in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia
Ubenimex is a competitive aminopeptidase B inhibitor with an IC50 of 100 mg/ml for K562 cells. Proliferation of all the cell lines except KG1 was inhibited by bestatin. P39/TSU, HL60 and U937 were highly sensitive, with 50% growth inhibitory concentrations (IC50) close to the maximum serum concentration when bestatin was orally administered at 30 mg in clinical application. All cell lines except for K562 highly expressed CD13, but a clear correlation between the sensitivity to bestatin and expression of CD13 was not observed. Other aminopeptidase inhibitors such as amastatin A, arphamenine B and WM15 antibody showed no growth inhibitory effects.
Ubenimex is an antitumor agent effective against murine syngeneic tumors including mouse colon 26 and C1498 leukemia. It was active against MNNG-induced rat tumor by oral administration. It inhibits leucine aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase B in cell me
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Uses of Micrococcus

Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and are typically appear in tetrads.
uses
Micrococcus, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as pyridine, herbicides, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil. They are likely involved in detoxification or biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants. Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain (C21-C34) aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils.
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Where to find Polymyxin B Sulphate?

Polymyxin B Sulphate is antibiotic derived from a strain of Bacillus polymyxa. Polymyxin B Sulphate is a sulfate salt of the least toxic member of the polymixin group. Polymyxin B (Sulphate) is bacteriocidal for many gram negative bacteria. Polymyxin B (Sulphate) is a cationic, basic peptide contains fatty acid D-6-methyloctan-1-oic acid and amino acids L-threonine and L-diaminobutyric acid. Polymyxin B Sulphate is used in the treatment of various systemic, urinary tract, otic, ophthalmic and cutaneous infections due to susceptible gram -ve bacteria. Polymyxin B (Sulphate) is administered orally, parentrally and topically, but nowadays, rarely used parentrally due to its potential for causing nephrotoxicity and/or neurotoxicity. Polymyxin B (Sulphate) is more commonly administered as either a topical or otic agent in combination with neomycin or bacitracin. Polymyxin B (Sulphate) is also available in ophthalmic solutions in combination with either trimethoprim B or in combination with bacitracin and neomycin. Polymyxin B is also used in combination with neomycin as a urinary tract irrigant. Polymyxin B was originally approved by the FDA in 1951.
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What is Lactobacillus fermentum?

Lactobacillus fermentum is a Gram-positive species of bacterium in the genus Lactobacillus. It is associated with active dental caries lesions. It is also commonly found in fermenting animal and plant material. It has been found in sourdough. A few strains are considered probiotic or "friendly" bacteria in animals and at least one strain has been applied to treat urogenital infections in women. Some strains of lactobacilli formerly classified as Lactobacillus fermentum (such as RC-14) have since been reclassified as Lactobacillus reuteri.
Characteristics
Lactobacillus fermentum belongs to the genus Lactobacillus. Species in this genus are used for a wide variety of applications. These applications include food and feed fermentation. It has been found that some strains for Lactobacillus fermentum have natural resistances to certain antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. They are considered potential vectors of antibiotic resistance genes from the environment to humans or animals to humans.
Lactobacillus fermentum can also be a normal inhabitant of the human intestinal tract and some strains have been associated with cholesterol metabolism.
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What is Pseudomonas?

Pseudomonas is a genus of gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae containing 191 validly described species.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. Several different epidemiological studies indicate antibiotic resistance is increasing in clinical isolates.
Use
biocontrol agents, bioremediation agents, Food spoilage agents
As a result of their metabolic diversity, ability to grow at low temperatures and ubiquitous nature, many Pseudomonas spp. can cause food spoilage. Notable examples include dairy spoilage by P. fragi, mustiness in eggs caused by P. taetrolens and P. mudicolens, and P. lundensis, which causes spoilage of milk, cheese, meat, and fish.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacteria that lives in soil, water, and even in environments like hot tubs. For most healthy people, this bacteria seldom poses a problem. Occasionally people will develop conditions like hot tub rash, and swimmer’s ear, which may be due to contact with these germs. These conditions can sometimes resolve without treatment, or with minimal treatment, like antibiotic drops for swimmer’s ear.
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