Uses of Nocardia in Clinical disease and microbiological diagnosis

Nocardia is a brand of abominably staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It forms partially acid-fast beaded aberration filaments (acting as fungi, but getting absolutely bacteria). It has a absolute of 85 species. Some breed are non-pathogenic while others are amenable for nocardiosis. Nocardia are begin common in clay that is affluent with amoebic matter. In addition, Nocardia are articulate microflora begin in advantageous gingiva as able-bodied as periodontal pockets. Most Nocardia infections are acquired by assimilation of the bacilli or through alarming introduction.
Clinical disease and microbiological diagnosis
Nocardia asteroides is the species of Nocardia most frequently infecting humans, and most cases occur as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. Other species of medical interest are N. brasiliensis and N. caviae. Because it is acid-fast to some degree, it stains only weakly gram positive.
The most common form of human nocardial disease is a slowly progressive pneumonia, whose common symptoms include cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and fever. It is not uncommon for this infection to spread to the pleura or chest wall. Pre-existing pulmonary disease, especially pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, increases the risk of contracting a Nocardia pneumonia. Every organ can be affected if a systemic spread takes place.
Nocardia spp are deeply involved in the process of endocarditis as one of its main pathogenic effects.
In about 25-33% of people Nocardia infection will take the form of encephalitis and/or brain abscess formation.
Nocardia may also cause a variety of cutaneous infections such as actinomycetoma (especially Nocardia brasiliensis), lymphocutaneous disease, cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses.
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